Body. Theory & Practice of Electromagnetic. Design of DC Motors &.
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Actuators. George P. Stupak, Jr. G2 Consulting, Beaverton, OR 9.
CHAPTER 2. MAGNETIC. MATERIALS2. 1 Magnetically hard. Before the 1. 93. Reluctance to. flux flow (in the surrounding space) is less for a long, thin rod which.
In order to. avoid self- demagnetization owing to shape, i. In the early 1. 93. The most successful of these.
Whereas a steel magnet. By comparison, newer materials such as ferrites. It is nonetheless possible.
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- Free BH Curves Products Useful Info Design Software Free BH Curves You can download following BH files free. Each BH file (in excel) contains the digital B-H Curve (magnetization curve), permeability curve, saturation flux density, electrical resistivity and more.
- Its initial permeability is only about 1,100 but it saturates at 23,000 G (compared to 20,500 G for low-carbon steel). Figure 2.2: B-H Curves Notes on above Figure: 1. The curves shown are intrinsic.
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The B/H. slopes resulting in magnets as a function of several shapes and. Figure 2. 1 (Ref. If the slope. results in the operating point being behind the knee of the curve for. Ceramic (ferrite) magnets are extremely hard. They must be ground or cut to shape with diamond tools. Samarium- cobalt magnets are also. Neodymium- iron when cut, produces a powder which is easily.
Ferrite, samarium- cobalt and. The final part may be relatively rigid, bonded. Some of the bonded materials are. Some bonded products and most solid magnet materials. N- S or S- N. alignment allowed). Resistance to magnetization in other directions may.
For example, the coercive force required to. G. The same material was not affected at all when exposed. G in a transverse direction and it reportedly. G to magnetize it in that direction. The properties of permanent magnet.
Table 2. 1. These are typical values only, since. Notes on the above table: 1.
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All materials have a preferred. Thermal expansion for some. If two figures are given, . Data are from various sources. Design data should. Except for temperatures, data are at.
If they are then cooled to room. It may not be possible to use this method to demagnetize. For some materials. Ferrite magnets sometimes continue. They are brittle. Samarium- cobalt may occasionally spall off tiny.
In order to avoid possible contamination and to help. Ferrites may also. The. cracks may be filled with epoxy. Some magnet materials are subject to. A number of other magnetic. Some of them have been.
Among. them are cunife (copper- nickel- iron), which can be machined and. References 1- 9 are recommended for. Magnetically soft materials: Magnetically soft materials have a.
B- H curve and have very little remanence, which means that. The behavior of these materials is variable and. B- H curves are usually. Figure 2. 2 (H plotted on the. Since the materials are reluctance.
B and H are both plotted as. There being very little or no. Plots are normally made of B versus H; occasionally plots of. B or H are also made. Maximum permeability does not. H) but somewhere. For very low- carbon steel, maximum permeability may.
G and may be 3. 00. Gauss) is about 2. Permeability in this case. B divided by total H. Differential permeability, on the.
B to change of H, which is the. B- H curve. Differential permeability is of interest when. There is a big difference between. To. specify high permeability, the maximum coercivity must also be known. This alloy saturates at less than 8,0. G however. For high.
Vanadium Permandur is superior. Its initial permeability. G (compared to 2. G. for low- carbon steel). Figure 2. 2: B- H Curves. Notes on above Figure: 1.
The curves shown are intrinsic. To get the normal curve.
B found from the curve to the value. H times 1 Gauss/oersted).
For example, for Vanadium- Permandur at. Oe, the curve shows 2.
G. The flux- density in an immediately. G. 2. The data shown is plotted from. It is. given for illustrative purposes only. Design data should be obtained. The materials are shown in. Some materials require special. The 3%. silicon- iron sheet is anisotropic, and best magnetic properties are.
In order to help suppress. It also makes the material. Silicon- iron is widely used in. Refs. 4. 2 &. 4. Many of the magnetic alloys. The effect is reduced or lost by machining or forming.
Some materials. require heat- treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the best. If this is not possible. Reference 1. 1). Besides iron, the metals nickel. Pure nickel. saturates at 6. Gauss which makes it useful on occasion for. Nickel plating can be either.
A magnet. is sometimes used in machine shops to test stainless steel versus other. The 3. 00 Series stainless materials may become magnetically. Certain special types (3.
The 4. 00 Series stainless steels. They are martensitic. Because they. can be hardened, 4. Series stainless steels are often used for tools. The B- H curves of magnetic. Certain iron. alloys containing a high percentage of nickel (around 3.
For. example, one material changes its permeability by about a factor of 2. The variation. of permeability is also a function of coercivity; this same alloy.
Oe). It is possible to use these alloys to. The magnet is designed to produce more flux than is. If the temperature increases, the. The area traced out. B- H space represents energy lost per cycle, which is called. Although the loss per cycle is very small, the power.
Eddy current. losses in these materials are also important and the two added together. The amount of core loss, in units of watts per. B). An empirical formula for the core loss in pole.
The first term represents the. Steinmetz. coefficient (after Charles Proteus Steinmetz, who discovered the. It varies from about 1. The second term represents eddy current. The constants and depend on the material. If the power loss.
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